Journal: Neural Regeneration Research
Article Title: Trans-spinal magnetic stimulation upregulates microglial SOCS3 to attenuate neuroinflammation in chronic constriction injury–induced neuropathic pain
doi: 10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-24-00912
Figure Lengend Snippet: Focal rTSMS significantly inhibits CCI-induced neuroinflammation and upregulates SOCS3 in the spinal cord in vivo . (A) Representative immunofluorescence images showing the inhibitory effects of focal rTSMS on CCI-induced activation of microglia and astrocytes in the dorsal horn ( n = 3). Dashed box indicates the region of interest in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Scale bars: 100 μm. (B) Representative image of western blotting. (C, D) Re-administration of rTSMS significantly inhibited the CCI-induced upregulation of Iba-1 and GFAP ( n = 5). (E–G) Focal rTSMS significantly inhibited CCI-induced upregulation of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in the spinal cord ( n = 5). (H, I) Focal rTSMS significantly inhibited the CCI-induced increase in the protein levels of p-p38 and p-STAT3 in the spinal cord ( n = 5). (J) Focal rTSMS significantly upregulated SOCS3 in the spinal cord ( n = 5). (K) Focal rTSMS could not upregulate SOCS1 in the spinal cord ( n = 5). Data are expressed as mean ± SD. # P < 0.05, ### P < 0.001, #### P < 0.0001, vs. Sham group; * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, vs . CCI group (one‐way analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons tests). CCI: Chronic constrictive injury; GFAP: glial fibrillary acidic protein; Iba-1: ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule-1; IL: interleukin; rTSMS: repetitive trans-spinal magnetic stimulation; SOCS: suppressor of cytokine signaling; STAT3: transducer and activator of transcription 3; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha.
Article Snippet: The primary antibodies used included β-actin (rabbit, 1:5000; Abclonal, Wuhan, China, Cat# AC026, RRID: AB_2768234), SOCS3 (rabbit, 1:1000; Abclonal, Cat# A0694, RRID: AB_2757345), SOCS1 (rabbit, 1:1000; Abclonal, Cat# A7754, RRID: AB_2772339), CaMKKβ (rabbit; Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA, Cat# 16810, RRID: AB_2798771), phospho-CaMKKβ(Ser511) (rabbit, 1:500; Cell Signaling Technology, Cat# 12818, RRID: AB_2798034), phosphorylated AMPK (Thr172) (p-AMPK; rabbit, 1:1000; Cell Signaling Technology, Cat# 2535S, RRID: AB_331250), AMPK (rabbit, 1:2000; Abcam, Cambridge, UK, Cat# ab32047, RRID: AB_722764), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP; rabbit, 1:1000; Cell Signaling Technology, Cat# 12389S, RRID:AB_2631098), ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule-1 (Iba-1; goat, 1:1000; Abcam, Cat# ab48004, RRID: AB_870576), matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9; rabbit,1:1000; Proteintech, Rosemont, IL, USA, Cat# 10375-2-AP, RRID: AB_2919732), phospho-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (rabbit, 1:1000; Abclonal, Cat# AP0070, RRID: AB_2771569), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3; rabbit, 1:1000; Abclonal, Cat# A1192, RRID: AB_2861642), phospho-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p-p38; rabbit, 1:1000; Cell Signaling Technology; Cat# 4511, RRID: AB_2139682), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38; rabbit, 1:1000; Cell Signaling Technology, Cat# 4511, RRID: AB_11178801), TNF-α (1:1000; Abclonal, Cat# A20851), IL-1β (1:1000; Abclonal, Cat# A16288), and IL-6 (rabbit, 1:1000; Abcam, Cat# ab6672, RRID: AB_2127460).
Techniques: In Vivo, Immunofluorescence, Activation Assay, Western Blot, Binding Assay